Faktor Penghambat Perempuan Penyandang Disabilitas dalam Partisipasi Pengurangan Risiko Bencana: Studi Kasus Penyintas Bencana Gempa Lombok
Perempuan penyandang disabilitas memiliki kerentanan dalam kondisi bencana. Fenomena tersebut dialami perempuan penyandang disabilitas penyintas gempa Lombok tahun 2018 yang disebabkan kurangnya partisipasi dalam pengurangan risiko bencana. Penelitian ini bertujuan mendeskripsikan faktor-faktor penghambat partisipasi perempuan penyandang disabilitas dalam pengurangan risiko bencana. Analisis komprehensif terhadap faktor penghambat menjadi dasar penyusunan model pemberdayaan perempuan penyandang disabilitas dalam partisipasi pengurangan risiko bencana. Metode penelitian yang digunakan deskriptif kualitatif, teknik pengumpulan data melalui wawancara dan observasi partisipatif. Informan penelitian empat perempuan penyandang disabilitas penyintas bencana gempa Lombok di lokasi pengungsian Sembalun Lombok Timur. Analisis data menggunakan reduksi data, penyajian data, penarikan kesimpulan dan verifikasi. Uji keabsahan data menggunakan teknik trianggulasi metode, sumber data, dan teori. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan kurangnya kebijakan, batasan peran gender, rendahnya pemberdayaan, dan kurangnya trustworthiness menjadi faktor penghambat partisipasi perempuan penyandang disabilitas dalam pengurangan risiko bencana. Kebijakan pengurangan risiko bencana belum memenuhi management, political, dan legal approach administrasi publik. Hasil penelitian akan didiskusikan lebih lanjut.
Kata Kunci: perempuan penyandang disabilitas, pemberdayaan, trustworthiness, partisipasi
Pemenuhan hak perempuan penyandang disabilitas pada dasarnya secara umum telah diatur dalam Undang Undang Dasar Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 1945 dan Undang Undang Nomor 39 Tahun 1999 Tentang Hak Asasi Manusia, Undang Undang Nomor 4 Tahun 1997 Tentang Penyandang Cacat, Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 43 Tahun 1998 tentang Upaya Peningkatan Kesejahteraan Sosial Penyandang Cacat, dan Undang Undang Nomor 24 Tahun 2007 tentang Pengurangan Risiko Bencana menyebutkan penyandang disabilitas sebagai kelompok rentan dalam kondisi bencana.
Undang Undang Nomor 24 Tahun 2007 belum mengatur secara khusus tentang pengurangan risiko bencana dalam bentuk partisipasi perempuan penyandang disabilitas. Demikian halnya Peraturan Pemerintah No. 21 Tahun 2008 penyelenggaraan penanggulangan bencana menyebutkan penyandang disabilitas sebagai kelompok rentan namun belum mengatur bagaimana pelaksanaan partisipasi penyandang disabilitas dalam pengurangan risiko bencana.
Komponen utama dalam pengurangan risiko bencana adalah keterlibatan kelompok rentan. Kelompok rentan juga dapat ditingkatkan kapasitasnya dalam menghadapi bencana melalui partisipasi dalam setiap tahapan pengurangan risiko bencana (Newport & Jawahar, 2003). Peran masyarakat, dunia usaha, akademisi, dan media diperlukan dalam memfasilitasi partisipasi kelompok rentan. Keterlibatan
Ad-Dariyah: Jurnal Dialektika, Sosial dan Budaya 3(2), 2022 | 15
penyandang disabillitas dalam pengurangan risiko bencana perlu dirumuskan dalam sebuah kebijakan sehingga memenuhi prinsip keadilan antara penyandang disabilitas dan bukan penyandang disabilitas dalam peranan pengurangan risiko bencana. Dibutuhkan adanya advokasi kebijakan UU No 24 Tahun 2007 dengan tujuan tercapainya kesetaraan partisipasi dan peningkatan kapasitas perempuan penyandang disabilitas dalam menghadapi bencana dan tercapai kesejahteraan dan keselamatan dalam kondisi bencana.
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Women with disabilities are vulnerable in disaster situations. This phenomenon was experienced by women with disabilities who survived the 2018 earthquake in Lombok due to their limited participation in disaster risk reduction. This study aims to describe the inhibiting factors for the participation of women with disabilities in disaster risk reduction. A comprehensive analysis of the inhibiting factors forms the basis for developing a model for empowering women with disabilities in participating in disaster risk reduction. The research method used is qualitative descriptive, with data collection techniques through interviews and participatory observation. The research participants are four women with disabilities who survived the earthquake in Lombok and are currently in the Sembalun East Lombok evacuation area. Data analysis involves data reduction, data presentation, drawing conclusions, and verification. Data validity is ensured through triangulation of methods, data sources, and theories. The research findings indicate that the lack of policies, gender role limitations, low empowerment, and lack of trustworthiness are inhibiting factors for the participation of women with disabilities in disaster risk reduction. The disaster risk reduction policies have not fully met the management, political, and legal approach to public administration. The research findings will be further discussed.
Keywords: women with disabilities, empowerment, trustworthiness, participation
The fulfillment of the rights of women with disabilities is generally regulated in the Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia of 1945, Law Number 39 of 1999 concerning Human Rights, Law Number 4 of 1997 concerning Persons with Disabilities, Government Regulation Number 43 of 1998 on Efforts to Improve the Social Welfare of Persons with Disabilities, and Law Number 24 of 2007 concerning Disaster Risk Reduction, which mentions persons with disabilities as a vulnerable group in disaster situations.
Law Number 24 of 2007 does not specifically regulate the participation of women with disabilities in disaster risk reduction. Similarly, Government Regulation No. 21 of 2008 on disaster management mentions persons with disabilities as a vulnerable group but does not specify how the participation of persons with disabilities in disaster risk reduction should be implemented.
The main component of disaster risk reduction is the involvement of vulnerable groups. The capacity of vulnerable groups to face disasters can also be enhanced through their participation in all stages of disaster risk reduction (Newport & Jawahar, 2003). The involvement of the community, businesses, academia, and media is necessary to facilitate the participation of vulnerable groups. The involvement of persons with disabilities in disaster risk reduction needs to be formulated in a policy that ensures fairness between persons with disabilities and those without disabilities in their roles in disaster risk reduction. Advocacy for the implementation of Law No. 24 of 2007 is needed to achieve equal participation and capacity-building for women with disabilities in facing disasters and to ensure their well-being and safety in disaster situations.